The Relationship Between the Barbarian Nations and China Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between the hazardous Nations and China EssayIntroduction One of the more than(prenominal) not adapted closes in Chinese history was the substantiation of the so-called Barbarian nations that happened betwixt 309 to 439 B.C. These Barbarian nations were as well as know as the Sixteen States or Sixteen Kingdoms though these were never let on of nor considered to be dynasties among themselves. The Barbarian nations mainly comprised of the Han Zhao and Latter Zhao (Houzhao), Cheng Han, Former Liang (Qianliang), Latter Liang (Houliang), Union Liang(Beiliang), Western (Xiliang) and atomic number 16ern Liang (Nanliang), Former Yian (Qianyan), Latter Yan (Houyan) , Federal Yan (Beiyan) and Southern Yan (Nanyan), Former Qin (Qianqin), Latter Qin (Houqin) and Western Qin (Xiqin) and finally the Xia nations(Sixteen Kingdoms, 2006). The 16 barbarics nations are considered as much(prenominal) because most of the people who belong in these states are not Chinese , though some were assimilated and integrated into Chinese culture later on. These cultural groups include Turks, Mongolians and Tibetans characterized by their nomadic in nature and small populations ( score of China, 2006).Also, although the leaders of the fry nations adapted Chinese customs and g everywherenance, most of them are not of Chinese descent. The barbarian leaders were largely considered as unscrupulous warmongers whose only ambition is to conquer China for themselves. every their semipolitical and military strategies were geared towards the short-run, and this proved to be the downfall of their small empires (Theobald, 2000).Chinas kin with the Barbarian Nations The occupation of the various ethnical groups making up the Sixteen Barbarian nations were practically ascribable to the various military uprisings that happened within the Jin Dynasty such as the so-called Rebellion of the Eight Princes (Theobald, 2000). The leaders of the sixteen barbarian states then saw this as an opportunity to seize reassure of China. In actuality, the Jin dynasty only managed to command the southern founder of the Yangtze River, leaving the rest of China vulnerable to occupation. This weakness lead to the occupation of blue China by ethnic groups and by the turn of the fifth century almost all of the ethnic groups that managed to control certain territories have already established their own states.Collectively, the fifteen major states that were established in Northern China along with the Kingdom of Chenghan located in the Southwest eventually became the sixteen barbarian nations. These sixteen states were autonomous from each other and conflict never seems to cease in betwixt them and of passage with the Jin dynasty. These conflicts lead not only to numerous deaths but also to the deterioration of the economy in Northern China as well as inter-racial mixing due to prolonged contact amongst the ethnic groups.Having been driven out from their territo ry, the Jin dynasty leaders never ceased their plans to reoccupy Northern China. Among these warriors sent by the Jin dynasty was Zudi, a gentry-official who regained the entire lily-livered River Valley even though it was for a brief diaphragm of time. The solemn of the Jin dynasty were able to conduct more attacks against the barbarian nations, but like Zudis campaign, they all failed because of the fierce counter-attacks made by the ethnic groups (The tarradiddle of China-The Sixteen States-Political tarradiddle, 2006). Due to the conflicts that raged on the Northern China, the nobles of what remains of the Jin Dynasty decided to let the ethnic groups do as they please as they established a new frugal order in the South of the Yangtze. This economic boom was made possible through the migration of peasants from the North who were seeking refuge from the conflict between the Jin Dynasty and the barbarian nations, effectively boosting not only manpower but also the technology base for both(prenominal) agriculture and circulateicrafts at that time (Theobald, 2000).Due to these developments in agriculture and handicrafts, commerce in the southern position of the Yangtze flourished. Later on, the city of Jianking was made by the Eastern Jin as their new capital city with the economic center moving from the Yangtze River Valley into the Yellow River Valley (The account of China-The Sixteen States-Political narrative, 2006).Conclusion The establishment of the barbarian nations was considered by many a(prenominal) as a foolish attempt to revitalize China. What the barbarian leaders might not have realized is that their plans and schemes were for short-term conquest rather than long-term governance which is unavoidable for the establishment of a strong nation. As with all violent uprising, the events that lead to the conflict between the Jin dynasty and the barbarian nations only lead to numerous deaths. But disrespect being laden with blood and violence , the relationship between the barbarian nations and China during the Jin dynasty yielded some advantages.For one, the Jianking flourished as one of Chinas center for commerce at that time. Another unforeseen benefit was that it facilitated the transfer of agricultural and other form of livelihood technologies from the Northern part of China into the Southern part of Yangtze which eventually lead to the stability of the Jin Dynasty economy at that time.Also the dynasty was able to realize that the area they have evacuated into have high potentials for agriculture as the Yangtze river provided more than enough pissing for irrigation. Without this seemingly serendipitous migration of farmers, the Jin dynasty could never have established their strong economic hold upon the Southern part of the Yangtze which could have spelled their immediate downfall. This proves that the common folk are the backbone of any great empire and that noble and even barbarians should never ignore their impo rtance.REFERENCESHistory of China. (2006). Wikipedia. Retrieved elevated 11, 2006 from http//www-chaos.umd.edu/history/imperial.htmlhan.Sixteen Kingdoms. (2006). Wikipedia. Retrieved imperious 11, 2006 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixteen_KingdomsThe History of China-The Sixteen States Political History (2006). TravelChinaGuide.com. Retrieved August 11, 2006 from http//www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/jin/eastern.htmTheobald, Ulrich (2000). Chinese History.- triple Kingdoms. CHINAKNOWLEDGE a universal guide for China studies. Retrieved August 11, 2006 from http//www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/song.htmlA comparison between support in China during the period of the tierce Kingdoms and the birdcall DynastyIntroduction China is a well-know all over the world as a country with a very fascinating history filled with bloodbath and discovery. Chinas timeline is riddled with civil wars and conquests and it has been known that the country has undergone a multitude of poli tical and regional divisions. Among the two famous periods in Chinese history are the period of the Three Kingdoms and the call Dynasty. Although detached almost 700 years apart, there have been a number of striking similarities and differences between the two periods. The period of the Three Kingdoms is actually a part of the Han Dynasty (202 B.C.) in which various scientific and cultural advances were made (History of China, 2006). It is also at this period of political turmoil that three states (later known as kingdoms) tried to gain prominence and glory as Chinas seat of power.This power struggle between the Three Kingdoms ignited a whole new series of wars, thus the period earned the indication of being the bloodiest period in China. Though it has been known as such, the Three Kingdoms is immortalized today in many forms o media such as television programs, books and even video games (Three Kingdoms, 2006). On the other hand, the Sung Dynasty (960 B.C., also known as Song D ynasty) is known as period of unification for China despite being besieged by barbarian raiders from all directions.The Sung Dynasty is further divided into two several(predicate) periods namely the Northern Sung degree and the Southern Sung Period. The Northern Sung (960-1127 B.C.) refers to the time when the dynasty was found in Kaifeng where it controlled most of mainland China. The Southern Sung (1127-1129 B.C.) On the other hand refers to the period when members of the Sung cost sought refuge in Hangzhou city located south of the Yangtze River (Song Dynasty, 2006).Life in the Period of the Three Kingdoms The period of the Three Kingdoms was characterized as period of great political turmoil in Chinese history. After the death of the great Chinese warlord Cao Cao (220 B.C.), his son Cao Pi established the first kingdom among the Three Kingdoms, known as Wei thus ending the Han dynasty. Soon later, the warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan established the Shu and Wu kingdoms respect ively. Each of these warlords tried to control China through bloodshed and conquest but none of them ever prevailed (Theobald, 2000). It is widely believed that much Chinese technological and cultural advancement were created at this time despite heavy political turmoil that characterizes the period. close to of the more notable inventions during the time of the Three Kingdoms were gunpowder and wheelbarrow (Poon, n.d.). On an economic standpoint, the period of the Three Kingdoms was among the wealthiest periods in Chinese history. The successfulness of the Han dynasty was also carried over unto this period as leaps and bounds in parcel out and commerce as well as transportation were evident (Three Kingdoms, 2006). On a socio-cultural standpoint, the period of the Three Kingdoms saw the assimilation of the so-called barbarians in mainstream Chinese culture. This was also the time when Buddhism was spreading crosswise China. This form of Buddhism was a cross of Indian Buddhism and Taoism (Frankenstein, n.d.)Life during the Sung Dynasty The Sung Dynasty (960-1127 B.C.) emerged almost 700 years after the affairs of the Three Kingdoms and is widely revered as the Chinese Renaissance. Much of this period is characterized by political stability and prosperity just like in the period of the Three Kingdoms. This was the time of what is known as civilian obtain, which favors the appointment of commoners (such as civilian scholar-officials) into government office.This centralized the current emperors dominion over China. In terms of economy, the Sung period is known for the emergence of a new caste of wealthy commoners called the mercantile class. It can be said that in this period, Chinese craftiness and commerce were at its peak. This was also the time when printing made publications more available to the common folk, leading(p) to the improvement of the education status of commoners all around China (Poon, n.d.) The socio-cultural impacts of this period is sho wn by the adaptation of a new form of Confucianism called Neo-Confucianism which took on a more metaphysical view of Confucian teachings, taking Confucianism into great heights that were never perceived off in the past. Also, at this time, Buddhism continued to flourish into what is known as the Tang age of Buddhism (Theobald, 2000).Conclusion Both the Sung dynasty and the period of the Three Kingdoms showed economic growth and prosperity during their existence. This growth in the economy greatly favored merchants and commoners alike, especially in the Sung Dynasty when civilian rule was in effect. Though prosperity was also evident in the time of the Three Kingdoms, civilians were the ones who were near the losing end because of the constant turmoil and death that surrounds them.The time of the Three Kingdoms on the other hand favored men of science and warmongers, as it is to be considered as a time of breakthroughs and innovations particularly in the field of warfare. For those who are involved in social and political matters, it can be said that the Sung Dynasty was the more favorable among the two time periods as there was at least some political stability at that time. For Buddhists, both periods are to be considered favorable as Buddhism continued to grow in spite of all the conflict and confusion that surrounded both time periods.REFERENCESFrakenstein, Pual. (n.d.). Song Dynasty. Condensed China. Retrieved August 11, 2006 fromhttp//condensedchina.com/china2.html3KingsHistory of China. (2006). Wikipedia. Retrieved August 11, 2006 from http//www-chaos.umd.edu/history/imperial.htmlhan.Poon, Leon (n.d.) The Imperial Area. History of China Retrieved August 11, 2006 from http//www-chaos.umd.edu/history/imperial.htmlhan.Song Dynasty. (2006). Wikipedia. Retrieved August 11, 2006 fromhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_DynastyTheobald, Ulrich (2000). Chinese History.-Three Kingdoms. CHINAKNOWLEDGE auniversal guide for China studies. Retrieved August 11, 2006 fro mhttp//www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/song.htmlThe Three Kingdoms. (2006). Wikipedia. Retrieved August 11, 2006 from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_KingdomsThree_emperors