Grass Silage Quality In Malaysia

Grass enenen silage Quality In Malaysia in that respect were different focus system of ru slight been practiced in the livestock industry in Malaysia. The intensive system was widely practiced, particularly in the pig and fowl sector and as for the ruminant industry it varies from extensive to intensive system. The studyity of feedstuffs occasiond in rations for pig and poultry were import (Anon, 2002), although to nigh extent local anaestheticly bringd grammatical constituents were in addition include in the ration. The imported ingredients range from cereal grains, vegetable and sensual proteins lots(prenominal) as soybean meal, corn gluten meal, fish meal and spunk and bone meal, mineral sources and various micro-ingredients like vitamins, minerals and otherwise additives used to mitigate feed efficiency and conveyth. Maize and soybean meal were the major imported ingredients.Locally ready(prenominal) raw materials harbour up ab aside 30 percent of the jibe fe ed ingredients in Malaysia (Anon, 2002). However, the use of locally produced ingredient depends on write out, cost and in any case tone of voice. The locally produced ingredients were tapioca and fishmeal. However, the mensuration produced was non fit to meet the requirements of the local feed industry (Anon, 2002).The milling factories and the by- ingatherings of oil downslope that produce soybean meal, w hop up bran, pollard, and rice bran were always available and normally included in poultry and pigs feed. The ruminant industry depends in world(a) on locally available feedstuffs, for example c argon kernel cake, oil touch frond, laurel wreath oil sludge, and soy waste, with only some accessoryation provided by imported ingredients. The majorlocal materials used were crop resi ascribables and other agro-industrial by-products much(prenominal) as rice bran, copra cake, palm kernel cake, oil palm frond, sago, tapioca and worried rice (Anon, 2002).2.2 Source of Fodde r and Forages for Ruminants2.2.1 Oil palm frond (OPF)Oil palm was one of the commercial plantation crops other than rubber, oil palm, cocoa and genus Ananas in Malaysia. Since the seventies, Malaysia had been the largest producer and exporter of palm oil products in the world. Oil palm produces the to the highest degree abundant biomass with oil palm fronds harbour been shown to be a precise shiny source of character for ruminants.The average crude protein measure out of OPF was about 7% (Asada et al., 1991 Wong and Zahari, 1992 Dahlan, 1992a). However, the average crude protein (CP) newspaper publisher of 11.0% in the leaflets suggests its authorization assess for livestock feed as its CP bailiwicks was far supra the critical 6.25% CP level mandatory to maintain normal intake by ruminants (Playne, 1972). OPF leaflets had a laid- thorner CP value and crude fat content than petiols (Oshio et al., 1990). However, Akmar et al. (1996) report that OPF contained a considerab le amount of lignin and silica which could reduce its nutritive value when fed to ruminants. Cellulose levels were usually lower than hemicellulose in both petioles and leaflets.Although OPF was available throughout the year, it must(prenominal) be collected and pilled up and also used quick or even cut immediately within both geezerhood after pruning. Collection of OPF incurs senior high costs in which accounted the costs of pelleting and charm. OPF tends to give way mouldy during storage due to high wet contents of to a greater extent than 55% (Dahlan, 2000). In order to prevent mould, modifying was essential in which also incurred high operateing costs. In addition, OPF contains actually low protein (5.0-7.0%) and OPF becomes mouldy if not processed (Dahlan, 2000). Mouldy feedstuffs whitethorn contain fungal toxicins and were less delectable and moderate low nutritive value. Low protein content and un proportionatenessd mineral content resulted in low digestibilit y and low absorption or availability of nutrients for maintenance and production (Dahlan, 2000). Consideration also view as to be give to the high silica content in OPF and the slow regularize of zymosis of fibre, which reduce VFA and the role of end products of fibre digestion in likeness to the over all efficiency of energy utilization. These limitations muckle be catch up with by physical or mechanical processing such(prenominal) as immediate chopping, grinding and drying, pre-digestion of fibre through chemical and biological discussion and stimulation of rumen microbes by supplementation with energy and protein rich ingredients or with urea and molasses and supplementation with essential minerals like Ca, P and S to balance up the nutrient content of OPF (Dahlan, 2000).2.2.2 Rice Straw as a Feed for RuminantsTraditionally, rice stubble was fed during the periods of feed shortage, but the nutrients for maintenance does not provided adequately. Studies had been shown th at buffaloes (Wanapat et al., 1984 Wongsrikeao and Wanapat, 1985), kine (McLennan et al., 1981 Wanapat et al., 1982, 1984 Suriyajantratong and Wilaipon, 1985) and sheep (Vijchulata and Sanpote, 1982) that were with fed straw alone lose consistence weight. The straw was usually fed in the long form, but in some parts of Asia, notably India, it whitethorn be chopped for trammel selection and wastage of the feeds given (Doyle et al., 1986). There were times in which the amount of straw collected and stored does not enable farmers to feed their animals ad libitum. In these ply systems, salt was sometimes provided, but other mineral supplements were not given. other(a) smokes offered with rice straw to stall-fed ruminants were practiced by some Asiatic farmers. The quantitative information about how much(prenominal) of these fares were fed and how frequently they were given was of little information. The nearly common feeds available with rice straw were the roadside essential tell ones, while other heavy forages were cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), gliricidia (Gliricidia maculata), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and sesbania (Sesbania grandiflora) (Doyle et al., 1986). Also in specific areas forages from many other trees, crops and water weeds, including acacia (Acacia arabica), banana (Musa spp.), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), and water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), were utilized (Doyle et al., 1986).2.3 Grass Production in Malaysia all over the last 20 historic period, the pasture research team in Malaysian Agriculture Research Development Institute (MARDI) had introduced several(prenominal) hundreds of amend tropic pasture accessions, and burnished species and genera learn been identified (Wong et al. l982, Wong and Mohd Najib, 1988). The Digitaria genus, Brachiaria humidicola and B. dictyoneura were adapted to the bris footings B. humidicola and Tripsacum andersonii (Guatemala take a shit) were consequential on blistering sulphate soil and in areas with a high water table while on peat, Napier mark (Pennisetum purpureum) was outstanding. Other promising rotteres including Guinea patronize (Panicum maximum) and Signal lowlife (Brachiaria decumbens) were able to perform in any of the sedentary and alluvial soils and in all agroclimatic zones. In the highlands, Napier, Guinea, Signal, Guatemala and Kikuyu sight (Pennisetum clandestinum) and Nandi setaria (Setaria sphacelata cv Nandi) had good production records. They had shown vigorous developing and seminal fluid setting.In the mid 1970s, improved pastures were established as part of the disposal of eight commercial ranch operations (9,682 ha) six farms in peninsular Malaysia, and one each in Sabah and Sarawak, developed by the National origin Authority (Majuternak), with the aim of increasing commercial livestock production (Wong and Chen, 1998). legitimate fundamental areas of ranch pastures were approximately 25,000 ha in Peninsular Malaysia, 5,000 ha in Sabah and 20,000 ha in Sarawak (Wong and Chen, 1998). These pastures faced some problems of persistence (Chen, 1985) in which they were mainly correlated with the requirement of improvement of the unequal tropical soils. The soils had high saturation of aluminium (60-80%) and low soil pH 4.0-5.5 (Wong and Chen, 1998). Break-even on the investiture for ranching of animals on tropical pastures in Malaysias circumstances takes about 10-12 years due to the intense initial capital input and high saki rate of bank loans (Clayton, 1983). Unfavourable climate in Malaysia is also a problem that hinders the development of tropical pastures for seed production in the poor seed setting of most of the promising pasture species (Wong and Chen, 1998). However, there were a few had been identified for delicate scale production of seed for local ingests and such species were the Ruzi stool (Brachiaria ruziziensis) and Guinea shop at (Wong and Chen , 1998).2.4 Napier Grass (Pennisetum Purpureum )Napier grass or scientifically called as Pennisetum purpureum was a species of grass native to the tropical grasslands of Africa. It was a tall perennial plant that may devil a height of six meter, with razor-sharp leaves 30-90 cm long and up to third centimetre broad (Duke, 1983) and producing 15 tillers at maturity. Its natural habitat was in riverbed areas, and able to grow up to 10 m high (Eilitt et al., 2004) but it was also a drought-tolerant (Bassam, 2010) and where it grew well in dried areas with a drier periods not more(prenominal)(prenominal) than four months. It had a in truth high productivity, both as a high protein forage grass for livestock and as a biofuel crop which might be 50-55 t/ha/year DM (Bassam, 2010). It grass be grown along with sustenance trees along field boundaries or along contour lines or terrace risers to help control erosion. It can be intercropped with crops such as legumes and fodder trees, o r as a pure stand. The advantage of Napier grass was that it propagates easily. This fodder is very strategic for smallholder farm (Goldson, 1977) which greatly contributed to dairy farm cattle feeding in Kenya and CP content of 7.6% produced by 10-40t ha-1 DM (Wouters, 1987).In the highlands, napier, guinea, signal, Guatemala and kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) and Nandi setaria (Setaria sphacelata cv Nandi) were the promising forages with good production record. Napier grass was lift out desirable to high rainfall areas, but as drought-tolerant grass it can also grow well in drier areas in which are suitable for Malaysias climate. Napier grass can propagates easily and has high growth and translate potentials. Its soft stem makes it easy to reduce, the young leaves and stems are tender which makes very palatable for livestock, and the Napier grass is suitable for feeding ruminant as curb and carry system.2.4.1 Production, characterization, and sustenanceal superior of Napier grassThe general fodder grass species used in the S.E. Asian region was mainly the tall-growing pillowcases such as Pennisetum purpureum (Napier or Elephant grass), Panicum maximum (Guinea) and Tripsacum laxum (Guatemala grass). Napier had a contain record of up to 84800 kg DM/year when fertilized with 897 kg N/ha per year and cut practices were done every 90 long time with annual rainfall of 2000 mm (Vicente-Chandler et al., 1959). The highest yielding fodder and most promising fodder was Napier grass (Anindo Potter, 1994) which had a dry consider yields surpassing many of tropical grasses (Humphreys, 1994 Skerman Riveros, 1990). Napier grass had tender, young leaves and stems, which was very palatable for livestock and grew very fast. The young and immature Napier grass was highly digestible but as maturity change magnitude, yield also extendd, but quality decreased. The digestibility ontogenyd as lignifications of the plant material increased with grass height and maturity.Attempts have been do to make hay out of Napier grass (Brown Chavulimu, 1985 Manyuchi et al., 1996) but the exuberant stems limit the rate of drying (Snijders et al., 1992a) and with excess drying the stems may become hard and brittle and less palatable to livestock. The cell wall, composed primarily of the structural simoleonss cellulose and hemicellulose, was the most important factor affecting forage utilization (Van Soest, 1994) as it comprises the major fraction of forage DM and its extent of degradation by the microflora had important implications on forage digestibility and intake (Paterson et al., 1994). The structural polysaccharides composed primarily of cellulose and hemicelluloses were primary restrictive determinants of nutrient intake. The digestibility of forage in the rumen was related to the proportion and extent of lignification (Van Soest, 1994). chemic composition and digestible DM may be poor indicators of the nutritive value of Napier grass because it does not provide the profile of absorbed nutrients.2.4.2 Effect of cutting interval on nutritive value of grassDuring the stringent season, the tropical forage species grow very fast, with forage yields often exceeding animal requirements. If not cut and fed, it pass on continue to grow, producing very long and fibrous material, low in energy and protein (Moran, 1945). If this forage was harvested and successfully stored as ensilage at the aforementioned(prenominal) stage as it is cut for producing milk, then it could be fed back during the following dry season. Although the quality of the forage will be some lower than its fresh state (10-15% lower in good ensiling conditions), it will still be better quality than many of the forages only available for dry season feeding. Conversely, in some locations, the silage can supplement other good quality but very slow-growing forages.Forage harvested for silage should be at the uniform age of maturity (its optimum), as if fe eding fresh (Moran, 1945). Napier grass should be harvested following 30 to 40 years re-growth in the wet season, at about 75 to 150 cm in height, or optimum quality and for ease of transporting to livestock in smallholdings. At this stage, the Napier grass will have about deuce to collar nodes showing on the stem. The Napier grass was harvested every 45 days during the wet season and contained 12% dry matter (DM), 7.5% crude protein (CP) and 62.2% NDF (Moran, 1945).2.5 Grass silageThe usage of silage was very essential in ruminant nutrition (Akyildiz, 1986). silage, which produced by ensiling method, enables feed conservation in tropical countries such as Malaysia. Grass silage was extremely variable in terms of feeding value and preservation quality. OMara et al., (1998) headd that supplementing grass silage with other forages improves dairy awe performance. Feed sources such as molasses, cereal grains and salt are usually added to silage for ensiling practices and to increa se those forges in respect of increasing microbial agitation and eliminating microbial toxins (Akyildiz, 1986 Jacobs et al., 1995 Kaya et al., 2009).There are four identifiable roles played by ensilaging the roughage (Cowan, 1999). Primarily, these were to build up reserve of feeds for utilisation during periods of feed neediness to have regular supply of feed to increase productivity of animals to hold surplus fodder for better management and utilisation and lastly to wield for use during feed scarcity and additional demand for feed (Cowan, 1999). Silage was also routinely fed to increased productivity of beef and dairy cattle by providing nutrients necessary to nutritionally balance existing diets.Silage usages were pictured to increase in the S.E. Asian region. There were several reasons for this optimism. constant supply of forage throughout the year was recognised as the come upon constraint for further development in cattle production in northeast Thailand (Shinoda et al., 1999), and this was generally true for other developing parts of the region. It had been observe that the economic boom of the 1980s and early 1990s have changed the dairy livestock perspective of S. E. Asian farmers and they have become more innovative and farms move from being subsistence to commercialised units (Wong, 1999).Silage making was less capable on weather especially in areas where the cutting practice of the forage was constrained by the seasonal condition. Usually, there were five steps involves in silage making, harvest forage or collect material materials transport to the silo filling of silo packing and compacting the materials for the exclusion of air to favour anaerobiotic ferment and sealing of silo. The types of silo for ensilaging process and for storing silage were horizontal silo, small vertical cylindric silos, plastic bags, plastic drums and plastic film wrapping of baled fodder (Chin and Idris 1999). There were also some additional steps in order to make good silage, weaken to reduce wet (many of silage making in Malaysia do not involve weaken) chopping for easy compaction use of additives to increase soluble charbohydrate and protein and use of enzymes to aid tempestuousness. The main usage of silage is for fodder conservation and to make feed available during the scarcity of feed supply (Mohd Najib et al. 1993).2.5.1 Evaluation of Silage QualityOrganoleptic criteria were used to assess the silage quality, which industrious silage colour, smell and texture. They were practical and do not required references of a laboratory. However, evaluation made using these criteria was subjective and proned to misinterpretation due to a trend toward the use of the larger rather than a smaller moment of silage quality categories which results in differences of opinion (Woolford, 1984).Chemical assessments of the principal turmoil products give a straightforward basis to assess the quality of silage. Flieg (1938 1952), suggests that si lage quality was better evaluated according to the relative amounts of lactic, acetic and butyric venereal infections in silage The higher the proportions of lactic and acetic supermans to butyric astringent, the higher the check off and the better the quality. Carpintero et al. (1969) established a good positive correlation between pH value and ammonia expressed as g kg-1 of the total nitrogen in direct cut-grass and clover silages. According to his study, it was considered critical for the anaerobic stability of silage and the ammonia content would be 111 g kg-1 of the total nitrogen at pH 4.2. Langson et al. (1960) proposed that the classification of grass silage as good, intermediate or poor was according to the levels of pH, lactic pungent, ammonia, butyric acid and spore count.The pH level, dry matter (DM) and nutrient contents of grass silage were varies depending on the kind, vegetation period and additives given (Haigh et al., 1985 More et al., 1986 Rinnie et al., 2002 Cone et al., 1999 Baytol and Muruz, 2003). A study done by Moore et al. (1986), using three different silage sampled of abstruse grasses, the DM contents were 34.3, 29.9 and 38.8% respectively, crude protein (CP) contents were 8.12, 9.37, 11.87% respectively and the pH level was 4.6, 4.6, and 4.4 respectively. Another study was done from silage samples made of grass from late vegetation period the CP content and the pH level were 11.3% and 4.10, respectively. legion(predicate) investigators have stressed the importance in the ensiling process of the percentage of dry matter in the green crop. Wilson and Webb (1937) recognized the importance of the sugar content of plants for making silage, and reported values for a number of different species. several(prenominal) values for sugar have been reported by Archibald (1953), but they were for chopped green crops with added preservatives. Watson and Ferguson (1937) and Allen et al. (1937) have compared composition and digestibility of t he green crop and the resulting silage. Peterson et al. (1935) made a study of dry matter, the several forms of nitrogen, and carotene contents in the crop and in the silage.Earlier studies have shown the criteria which indicated the quality (good or poor) in grass silage from the standpoint of organoleptic and laboratory tests were pH, and content of volatile makes, butyric acid, and lactic acid (Archibald et al., 1954). High values for lactic acid indicate good quality silage high values for the other three criteria were an indication of poor quality silage, as odour, texture and dry matter losses was colligateed. Values for these have been statistically correlated with the following constituents in the green, un-ensiled crop water, protein, fiber, N-free extract, and total sugar.Effluent flowing out of the storage for no longer than 2 to 4 weeks was an indicative that the silage was slowly deteriorating due to accounting entry of air (Moran, 1945). Wilted silage produced littl e or no effluent unless the stack was poorly sealed. Un-wilted silage will produce some effluent, which may making water out of drums and stacks into the soil. Only small amount of silage effluent will leaked from well-sealed drums and plastic bags, and may even leak slowly from upturned drums. It was important not to remove drum eyelids, relax bag tops or hole their bottoms to let moisture out, or to see how they are going. This will allow far too much air to enter, leading to very poorly fermented silages, and even just compost.Characteristics of silages that had abidene an disappointing ferment had a strengthened, pungent, very unpleasant smell had a strong ammonia smell contained excess moisture when squeezed or continually oozes from the base mouldy or slimy had undergone much deterioration (20% DM loss) a troll damp and dark brown the plastic sheet or lid has not stopped air entry for many days (Moran, 1945).Chemical composition of the raw material had a dominating inf luence on the fermentation in conventional silage. In the forage crops, chemical composition were influenced by the weather, growth conditions, the level of fertilizer applied, and the maturity of the material at harvest (Woolford, 1984). These factors in turn influence those components of prime importance to fermentation such as fermentable substrate together with organic acids and their salts. support could have a significant effect on silage fermentation by its effect on water soluble carbohydrates in grass (Stirling, 1954). The sugar content of a crop harvested in the early break of day after several days of dull wet weather with no sunshine was low compared with similar material cut from the same fleck one week earlier following brighter weather. Temperature and light intensity were more important influences on sugar content of a crop than its maturity (Wieringa, 1961).2.5.2 Improving the Quality of SilageEnsiling generally produces better quality roughage than hay because l ess time is required to wilt the feed, when the forage loses nutrients, cause a reduction in feed quality. The principles of silage making were the same regardless of size of operation, the major difference being in the type of storage used (Mickan, 2003).Unfortunately tropical forages and legumes were not well suited to ensiling due to their inherent low concentrations of water soluble carbohydrates, compared to temperate species (Moran, 1945). However, cursorily wilting the forage or adding a fermentable substrate, such as molasses before ensiling, will usually result in well-fermented silages.Tropical species were challenging to ensile because of their high buffering ability i.e. their resistance to changes in pH. To enable them to undergo a more satisfactory fermentation, two techniques were available to small holders wilting the forage prior to ensiling and adding a fermentable substrate at ensiling (Moran, 1945).Napier grass will be about 12-15% DM at harvest and should, if possible, be wilted to at least 30% DM. when harvested in the morning, wilting may only require the heat of the afternoon of that day, but when cut ulterior in the day or on cloudy days, it may need wilting till midday of the following day. The layer of the material to be wilted should be no thicker than 10cm and should be turned over two to three times to encourage wilting. If too thick, the forage will heat and begin to decompose and encourage the wrong types of bacterium to grow. Forage quality and dry matter will be lost. Since leaves dry more rapidly than stems, smashing or conditioning the nodes on the stems and the stems themselves will increase the wilting rate.If the fresh forage cannot be wilted, the fermentation of the silage will be improved by mixing the chopped material with 3% to 5% molasses (on a fresh weight basis) just prior to ensiling. Adding water to the molasses is not recommended as the forage is already too moist and extra water will just reduce the fermen tation quality.Rather than mixing it thoroughly, the molasses can be spread as layers in the forage, say every 10 to 15 cm. where the molasses was applied, the silage ferments better and was sweeter smelling, but the overall silage quality was still good. Other suitable fermentable substrates include rice bran or formulated concentrates (mixed at 10%) in layers with molasses (5%) poured on top of the rice bran. We found the silage surrounding the rice bran was drier and more acerb (pH 4.1) compared to silage with no additive (Moran, 1945).The shorter the chop length, the better the compaction, hence less air was trapped in the forage, resulting in better silage quality. cut lengths should be from 1 to 3 cm. if chopped lengths were longer, additional molasses (5-6% on a fresh forage basis) may improve the fermentation. However, the stems should be chopped to small lengths because they were harder to compact. Leaves can be left at 3 to 8 cm length. Where the forage had become too lo ng but was still in the vegetative state, only chop and ensile the leaves and the top end of the stems to produce higher quality silage.Regardless of the system of the silage storage, the forage must be compacted as densely as possible, so compact it until it was catchy to insert your finger into the stack. The shorter the material was chopped, the more dense it can be packed and the less air that will be trapped deep down the stack.The entire silage storage should be filled and sealed in one day, and at a maximum, two days. Silages in well-sealed storages that prevent the entry of air or water will maintain their quality for much longer than will silage in poorly sealed storage.2.5.3 The cause of Certain Additives on the Grass Silage QualityThe main concern with the ensilage of tropical forages was the low dry matter and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content. Wilting can overcome this problem but it may not be preferred or always possible during adverse climatic conditions. S uitable additives become an alternative to wilting. Even where wilting was carried out, additives were recommended to improve the fermentation and nutritive value of conventional as well as round bale silages (Bates et al. 1989 Staples 1995).The additives were used to improved silage preservation by ensuring that lactic acid bacteria dominate the fermentation phase in the ensiling process (Titterton and Bareeba, 1999) and they were divided into three general categories the fermentation stimulants, e.g. bacterial inoculants and enzymes fermentation inhibitors such as propionic, formic and sulphuric acids and substrate or nutrient source, such as maize grains, molasses, urea or anhydrous ammonia (Woolford 1984 Henderson, 1993 Bolsen et al. 1995). The use of molasses was not only improves the energy content of silage but also ensures low pH and prevents proteolysis (Rasool et al. 1999). Four percent molasses added to the ensiled material generally improved silage quality derived from g rasses in terms of increased lactic acid content (Aminah et al. 1999).Molasses, ground maize and palm kernel cake have been utilised locally as additives. Ensiled poultry litter was successfully included in the feed of ruminants as a protein supplement (Kayouli and Lee 1999) and, locally, poultry litter had been ensiled together with pineapple waste. However, the inclusion of additives, although encouraged, was not often carried out due to additional costs and the availability problem. It should be noted that silages have been successfully produced with neither wilting nor use of additives. Maize and forage sorghum molasses crops were made into excellent silage and S. sphacelata var. splendida and P. purpureum were converted into acceptable silage without additives (Aminah et al. 1999).Inoculation. Since most forage crops intended for the silo are well seeded with lactic acid organisms, it is not to be expected that lactic acid cultures applied to forage to be ensiled will be of ver y much benefit. This with certain exceptions has been the determination abroad (6) and what similar work has been done in this country has been comparatively ineffective. Inoculation of forage in the silo seems particularly absurd when the inoculant is tobe applied, as is the case with one commercial product, on layers of silage at the 1-filled level, the 2-filled level, the 3-filled level, and at the top of the filled silo.Whey. Soured cheese factory whey is an inoculum which at the same time has a certain amount of lactose for further fermentation. But since several hundred pounds of whey are required to supply the necessary sugar for proper acidity, to avoid excessive amounts of moisture the forage will in most cases need to wilt for several hours in the sun before ensiling. Condensed soured whey is a more logical preservative, as also is powdered whey. The cost of the latter two products and the bother of a very thin liquid, like ordinary whey, may not make whey in its svarious forms very attractive.2.6 Production and word picture of EMProfessor Dr Teruo Higa developed the technology of EM in the 1970s at the University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. The first solutions contained over 80 species from 10 genera isolated from Okinawa and other environments in Japan. With time, the technology was refined to include only the four important species cited earlier, namely Lactic Acid Bacteria, Photosynthetic Bacteria, Actinomyces and Yeast.Lactic acid bacteria produces lactic acid from sugars. Food and drinks such as yogurt and pickles have been made by using lactic acid bacteria. However, lactic acid is a strong sterilizer. It eradicatees injurious microorganisms and increases rapid decomposition of organic matter. yet Lactic acid bacteria enhances the breakdown of organic matter such as lignin and cellulose, and ferment these materials which normally take plenty of time. Lactic acid bacteria have the ability to suppress Fusarium propagation which is a har mful microorganism that causes disease problem in continuous cropping. Under Fusarium conditions promotes the increase of harmful nematodes. The occurrence of nematodes disappears gradually, as lactic acid bacteria suppress the propagation and function of Fusarium.Yeasts synthesize antimicrobial and useful substances for plant growth from amino acids and sugars secreted by photosynthetic bacteria, organic matter and plant roots. Bioactive substances such as hormones and enzymes produced by yeasts promote active cell and root division. Their secretions are useful substrates for eff ective microorganisms such as lactic acid bacteria and actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are the structure of which is intermediate to that of bacteria and fungus kingdom, produces antimicrobial substances from amino acids secreted by photosynthetic bacteria and organic matter. These antimicrobial substances suppress harmful fungi and bacteria. Actinomycetes can coexist with photosynthetic bacteria. Thus, both species enhance the quality of the soil environment, by increasing the antimicrobial activity of the soil.EMAS (EM Activated Solution) is a fermented product derived from EM-1 product mixed with sugarcane molasses and water. EM-1 is made up from three groups of bacteria Photosynthetic bacteria, Lactic Acid bacteria, and yeast. EM-1 when mixed with molasses and then non-chlorinated water mixed with the later mixture and then the solution is fermented for seven days and produced as a product called EMAS. EMAS have the special ability to preserve, restore and resort and it is expected to have a better.2.6.1 Effective Microorganisms (EM) as Silage AdditivesThe make of the use of EM-silage in corn silage are less braggy than as to the use in grass silage (Wikselaar, 2000). However, in general the same trends at the use of EM-silage in grass and corn silage are percept