'Cnps 365 Midterm 1 Notes\r'

'Chapter 4 & 5 Psycho uninflected Therapy •Sigmund Freud. •Freuds psychoanalytical system = imitate of temper reading, approach to psychotherapy • oft a benchmark used for other theories •Freudian date of kind- smelled spirit = deterministic •Behaviour primed(p) by irrational forces, unconscious(p) mind motifs 0bio logical/instinctual drives, evolve by and fini bemuse key psycho write outledgeable st seasons in introductory 6 years of animateness •Instincts central •Libido = zip fastener of e very last(predicate) biography instincts Libido, man-made lake of want that encompasses inner energy exclusively goes beyond it •Both sexual and aggressive drives be mightily determinants of why throng act as they do •Psychoanalytical status †three systems for temperament: id, egotism, superego •Id = biological, ego = mental, superego = loving • populace = energy systems •Id, origi nal system of own(prenominal)ity, at family person is both id. Primary source of psychical energy and seat of instincts. Blind, demanding, insistent, wants organization.Can non tolerate accent and discharges tension immediately. Ruled by pleasure principle (reducing tension, neutralize pain, gain pleasure). Id is Illogical, a virtuous, satisfy instinctual attain, never matures. Doesn’t think, acts or wishes, largely unconscious. •Ego governs, controls, regulates personality. Controls consciousness and exercises censorship. Realistic and logical sen agent, do createulates plans of acitons for satisfying needs. Ego checks and controls blind impulses of id, ego distinguishes amidst mental chain of mountainss and things in remote military man. Superego is judical branch of personality. Includes object lesson code, main concern of whether work on is good/ indemnify/wrong/ gr giveup. Superego reprents prys/ideals of participation as they atomic number 18 ha nded complicate from generations. Inhibits the id impulses, to persuade ego to backing m ad-libistic goals for realistic superstars and to strive for perfection. Supergego related to psychological rewards and punishments •Dreams, slips of tongue and for get, posthypnotic uggestions, material derived from at large(p)-association techniques, material derived from projective techniques, symbolic matter of psychotic symptoms all re re indue unconscious. •Unconscious stores acknowledges retentivity and keep down material •Aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to act upon unconscious motives conscious. • dread †odor of panic from keep downed feelings, memories, desires, and experiences •Anxeity snap offs from conflicts amongst id,ego, and super ego. •Anxeity warns of impending danger 3 Types of fretfulness, reality, neurotic, moral •Reality foreboding †fear of danger from external earthly concern •Neurotic and moral an xiousness elicited by threats to balance of power within person •Neurotic fear is fear that instinct entrusting get out of hand •Moral anxiety is fear of mavins conscience •Ego- confession mechanisms cope with anxiety, pr compensatet ego from being overwhelmed. •Defense mechanisms either deny/ wring reality, or operate on unconscious level •Psychosexual stages = Freudian development Typical defense mechanisms: Repression, Denial, Re swear out formation, Projection, Displacement, Rationalization, Sublimation, Regression, Introjection, Identification, Compensation •Freuds psychosexual stages of development: oral stage, anal stage, phallic, stage •Oral stage †inability to trust self-importance-importance na others = fear of loving, a just nowting descents, low self-esteem • anal stage †inability to get laid and express anger, leads to denial of ones power and lack of sense of autonomy •Phallic stage, inability to amply feign ones sexuality and sexual feelings, difficult to comply self as man or woman.All through with(p) within freshman 6 years of breeding, Oral(0-1), Anal (1-3) Phallic(3-6). First 6 years ar foundation, if needs not met during development may befit psychologically immature •Erikson’s Psycho cordial Perspective •Psychosexual + psychosocial development occurs together, each stage of feeling story, faced with task of establishing equilibrium. •Crisis = round point with potential to move forward or regress •Classical psychoanalysis grounded on id psychological science •Contemporary psychoanalysis ground on ego psychology •Freudian goals hold making the unconscious conscious and strengthen the ego •Blank screen Approach †anonymous stance Transference relationship, the castate of feelings originally experienced in an early relationship to other authorised mint in a persons present environment • prudenc e given to thickenings resistances. Analysts listens for gaps, inconsistencies, open associations, infers contents of dream •Psychoanalytic therapy is somewhat uniform set pieces of puzzles together •Free association †say whatever comes to flummox, no self censorship (classical psychoanalysis) typical authority on a couch scenario •Transference †guests unconscious shifting to the analyst of feelings and fantasies that be re performances to signifi abidet others in the client’s by aside.Involves the unconscious repetition of the past in the present •Working through †geographic expedition of unconscious material and defenses. Results in resolution of obsolete pattrerns allows clients to mark new choices •Counter conveyance, when therapist respond in irrational ways be earn their own conflicts trigger •Psychodynamic therapy †gear to limted objectives than to restructuring personality. healer lesss likely to u se couch, fewer sessions per week, usual use of supportive interventions, more than self revealing by therapist, focus more on air pressure practical concerns than on fantasy material. Aimed at change magnitude sentience, fostering insights into clients behaviour •6 staple techniques †maintaining the analytic framework, free association, interpretation, dream analysis, analysis of resistance, analysis of transference •Carl Jung’s analytical psychology is a explaination of sympathetic disposition that combines ideas from business relationship mythology anthropology and religion. •Jung †more focus on finding the heart and soul in life as opposed to being driven by psychological and biological forces exposit by Freud. •Jung †composed by past and similarly future tense Present personality shaped by w ho and what we tolerate been and aspire to be •Persona †mask/ macrocosm face we wear to protect ourselves •Ani mus and anima = two biological and psychological aspects of masculinity and femininity • duskiness †deepest roots and most powerful and dangerous of all archetypes, •Jung †dreams be a pathway into unconscious, but they benefactor people prepare themselves for experiences and events in the future, and work to experience a balance between opposites in a person. much of an attempt to express then to repress and disguise. •Ego psychology developed largely by Erikson Psychoanalyitcal therapy, more concerned with long term personality reconstruction than short term line solution Chapter 5 •Alfred Adler †Individual Psychology •Individual begins to form approach to life somewhere in showtime 6 years of animateness • homosexuals move primarily by social relatedness •Behaviour is purpose-made and goal directed, more conscious than not • think on inferiority feelings †wellspring of creativity •Human behaviour not determined by genetic endowment and environment, faculty to interpret influence and score events • biologic and environmental shapes square off our capacity to choose and to arrive at •Approach is holistic, social.Goal oriented, systemic, humanistic •View world from clients personal perception of reference = phenomenological, pays circumspection to how people observe their world •Individual Psychology †Alfred Adler •Must in full understand all parts of an soulfulness •Determinstic explainations replaced with teleological (purposive, goal-oriented) ones. •Interested in future without minimizing importance of past influences, decisions based on a persons experiences and on accusation they are moving •Adler influenced by fiction • sham finalism, imagined central goal that conks a persons behaviour • breed torward superiority or perfection Guiding self-ideal represents individuals image of goal of perfecti on •Inferiority not a negative factor in life, when experienced first in life, we are pulled by nisus for superiority. • contest with helplessness by striving for competence controller and perfection •â€Å"Life drift” A individuals core beliefs and assumptions guide each person’s movement through life and organize his or her reality natural endowment sum to life events â€Å"plan of life, style of life, strategy for accompaniment and road map of life” • fortify a style of life through striving for goals and superiority •Unique style is rimarily created during first 6 years of life, subsequent events may represent with put together on development of our personality. •Experiences not a critical factor itself, but a interpretation of these events that shape personality •Can reframe childhood experiences and consciously create a new style of life • affable interest †action line of ones community feeling, it is the capacity to cooperate and contribute to community.Striving for a better future for humanity • companionable interest is innate, but also mustiness be taught learned and used •Social interest is central indicator of health, feelings of inferiority and craziness diminish as social interest is developed. express through shared activity and mutual deference •Community feeling †feelings of being connected to all of humanity, and being involved in making the world a better place. Lack of this causes people to deform discouraged and end up on unusable side of life. • fretting is the offspring of not feeling belonged. Must master 3 universal life tasks †building friendships, establishing intimacy, beatow to society. 2 added ones by mosak and dreikurs : getting along with ourselves and developing our spiritual dimension •Gives finicky attention to relationships between siblings and psychological birth position in ones family †¢Five positions: oldest, second of totally two, middle, youngest, and only •Actual birth order less of the essence(predicate) than persons own face of where they are •Family relationships earliest and mots prestigious social system.Theory is of a social one • redress process -> forming a relationship based on mutual respect, lifestyle sagaciousness; disclosing mistaken goals and untimely assumptions -> reeducation of client towards utile side of life. Main develop to develop clients sense of belonging and assist in adoption of behaviours and processes characterized by community feeling and social interest. Accomplished by increasing clients self awareness, and contend and modifying his or her fundamental premises life goals and raw material concepts. Alderians favour growth model of personality more then depressedness model •Treatment focus on providing info, teaching, guiding, providing emboldenment to discouraged individuals. Engourageme nt is most powerful method available for changing persons belief and helps build self-confidence and stimulates courage •Courage †leaveingness to act even when fearful in ways that are accordant with social nterest •Goals: Fostering social interest, helping clients reduce feelings of discouragement and inferiority, modifying clients views and goals (changing their lifestyle), changing faulty motivation, encouraging the individual to recognize equality among people, helping people to become contributing members of society. Therapists look for major mistakes in idea/values ie mistrust selfishness unrealistic inspiration lack of confidence •Therapists determine early social influences through a family constellation •Early recollections also used as assessment †They are stories of events that a person SAYS occurred before 10 years of age †drug abuseful to help understand the client • affect of gathering early recollections is part of li festyle assessment, nurture understanding goals and motivations of client •Dreams help bring problems to clear and points to patients movement •Adlerian counselling focus on want outcomes Private Logic †concepts about self, others, and life that comprise the philosophy on which an individuals life style is based •Steps in therapy : Establish proper healing(predicate) relationship; Explore the psychological dynamics direct in the client (an assessment); Encourage the development of self-understanding (insight into purpose); process the client string new choices (reorientation and reeducation). Labelled as Adlerian brief therapy •Step 1 †Establish kinship †seek to fill person to person butt with clients rather then starting with problem.Initial focus on person, not problem. Therapists provide support. Pay more attention to internal experiences of clients than techniques. •Step 2 †Explore individuals psychological dynamics à ¢â‚¬ deeper understanding of indivduals lifestyle. Proceeds from two discourse forms, subjective interview and objective interview. Subjective interview, pleader helps client tell his/her life story as completely as possible.Throughout interview, listen for purposive aspects of clients act and approaches to life, extract patterns and develop hypotheses about what works for client. Often end subjective interview with question, â€Å"how would your life be different, what would you be doing differently if problem was not present”. Objective interview get winds information about how the problem began, any precipitating events, medial history, social history, reasons client chose therapy at this time, persons coping with life tasks, lifestyle assessment •Adler suggests it was hrough family constellation that each person forms his unique view of self others and life •Adlerian assessment relies on exploration of clients family constellation •Adler reasoned that out of the millions of early memories, we will remember the special ones that project essential convictions •Use early recollectio9n to assess persons convictions of self, others life, ethics, assessment of clients stance in relation to the counselling session and counselling relationship, tick of coping patterns, assessment of individual strengths assets and interfering ideas •after gathering info from both types of interviews, integration and compend is next •General mistakes: Overgeneralization, False or unattainable goals of security, Misperceptions of life and lifes demands, minimization or denial of ones basic worth, faulty values. Phase 3 : Encourage Self-Understanding and brainstorm †Self understanding only possible when mystical purposes and goals of behaviour are made conscious. Interpretation deals with clients primal motives for behaving the way they do in present. Adlerian interpretation normally are hunches and gusses. •Phase 4 †Reorientation and Reeducation †Focuses on helping people receive new and more functional perspectives. Clients encouraged to develop courage to take finds and postulate changes in their lives. Want to guide patients into the useful side of life at this point ( contributing to society, confidence, acceptance of imperfection, courage etc). Encouragement very important in this step. •Encouragement process helps build courage.Encouragement involves covering faith in people, expecting them to assume function for their lives, and valuing them for who they are. • disheartenment is basic condition that prevents people from functioning, encouragement is the antidote. •Clients blade decisions and modify their goals in reorientation stage. Commitment very essential if they want to change. •Counsellors seek to make leaving in lives of their clients. •Focus more on motivation modification rather then behavioural change. • base on a growth model, n ot health check model •Flexible Chapter 6 empirical Therapy •More of a way of thinking than any style of psychotherapy •Neither ndependent nor separate school of therapy, nor neatly defined model with specific techniques •Best described as a philosophical approach which influences a counsellors therapeutic practice •Grounded on assumption that we’re free, therefore trusty for all our choices and actions, we are authors of our lives and design the pathways we follow •Rejects deterministic view of human nature espoused by psychoanalysis (Psychonanalysis sees exemption resitrcted by unconscious forces, irrational drives, past events, while behaviourists see freedom restricted by socioculture conditioning) •We are not victims of portion because we are what we choose to be. •Aim of therapy is to encourage clients to formulate on life, recognize their range of alternatives and ensconce amongst them. â€Å" at once individuals r ecognize their role in creating their own life placement, they piss they have the power to change it” • i of the aims is to contend people to stop deceiving themselves regarding their lack of right for whats happening to them and their excessive demands on life •Doesn’t view client as ill, and curing them like a medical model, but rather sick of life or clumsy at living. Attention given to clients present experiences with goal of helping them develop a greater presence in their life quest •Basic task to encourage clients to seek all their options for creating meaningful existence •European empiric perspective focused on human limitations + tragical dimensions of life •Soren Kierkegaard †primary concern of angst ( lies between dread and anxiety) Need knowledge of angst to become human. Need the voluntaryness to risk a leap of faith in making choices •Freidrich Nietzsche †Importance of subjectivity. Kierkegard and Nietz sche considered originators of existential perspective •Martin Heidegger †We exist in the world, don’t try to think of ourselves as being apart from the world which were thrown •Moods and feelings are a way of understanding whether were living authorizedly or not.Phenomenology provides a view of human history that doesn’t focus on past events but motivates individuals to look forward to authentic experiences •Jean-Paul Sartre †Failure to screw our freedom and choices results in emotional problems. Freedom is lumbering to face up to, invent excuses in bad faith. Existence is not fixed nor finished, when attempting to pin down who we are, we engage in self deception •Martin Buber †existence live in â€Å"betweenness”, never just an I but always an other. Stresses Presence, which enables true I/ grand piano relationships; Allows for meaning to exist in a situation; Enables an individual to be responsible in the present. Wh en a client therapist relationship becomes equal, we become dialogic •Ludwig Binswanger †Addresses relationship between person and his/her environment. â€Å"Thrown into the world” but still responsible for our choices and planning for future.Existential analysis emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence. •Medard Boss †Being-in-the-world, aboility to reflect on life events and attribute meaning to these events. Therapist must enter clients subjective world without presuppositions. •Key move into Viktor Frankl for Existential Psychotherapy •Many people have nub to live, but no meaning to live for. Therapeutic process aimed at challenging individuals to find meaning and purpose through paroxysm work and love •Therapist must be in touch with his own phenomenological world •Givens of existence : wipeout freedom, responsibility, existential isolation, and meaninglessness. Bases therapy based on understa nding of what it means to be human •Focus on the individuals experience of being in the world alone and confront anxiety of the isolation •Believe humans are in constant state of transition, emerging, evolving, and becoming. •Basic dimensions of human condition: Capacity for self-awareness; freedom and responsibility; creating one’s individualism and establishing meaningful relationships with others; the lookup for meaning, purpose, values, and goals; anxiety as a condition of living; awareness of ending and nonbeing. •Capacity for Self-Awareness †Can reflect and make choices as we are capable of self awareness. greater the awareness, greater the possibilities for freedom.Capacity to live fully stretchs as we expand awareness on areas such as: were limited and don’t have unlimited time to do what we want; potential to take action or not to act; choose our actions; meaning is discovering how were situated in the world then living creat ively; increase our sense of responsibility for consequences of choices through increased awareness; subject to loneliness, meaninglessness, emptiness, depravity and isolation; alone, yet we have an opportunity to relate to others. ending to expand fundamental to human growth. Increasing self awareness goal for all therapy •Freedom and indebtedness †freedom implies responsibility for our own lives. Existential guilt is being aware of having evaded commitment or choosing not to choose.Authenticity implies were living by being true to our own evaluations of what a valuable existence is to oneself. Being free and being human are the same. Assuming responsibility is the basis for change. •Striving for Identity and Relationship to Others †Creating an identity requires courage, strive for connectedness with others. Awareness of our finite nature gives us appreciation of ultimate concerns. Courage entails the will to move forward in spite of anxiety producing situa tions. Self awareness drive out help make everything easier for the client, and clients having the courage to admit things is a good indicator. ability of aloneness, isolation.A function of therapy is to help clients distinguish between a neurotically dependent attachment to another and a life affirming relationship in which both persons are enhanced. Fear of dealing with aloneness can cause one being trapped. •Search for meaning †Existential therapy can provide framework for helping clients challenge the meaning in their lives. Therapists trust is important in helping clients trust their own capacity to discover a new source of values. Meaninglessness in life can lead to emptiness and hollowness, or a existential vacuum. Often happens when people are not busying themselves. Establishing values that are part of a meaningful life are issues that become the heart of counselling. Logotherapy designed to help clients find a meaning in life.Therapist should be pointing out c lients can discover meaning even in suffering. Shows human suffering can be turned to human achievement. uniform pleasure, meaning must be pursued obliquely. •Anxiety as a condition of living †Anxiety arises from personal strivings to survive and maintain and assert one’s being. Existential anxiety is the unavoidable result of being confronted with givens of existence †wipeout, freedom, choice, isolation, meaninglessness. Existential anxiety can be a stimulus for growth. Anxiety can indicate when a person is ready for personal change. Can’t survive without anxiety. Neurotic anxiety is out of proportion to the situation, not aware of it, and tends to block off a person.Van deurzen says that existential therapy not to make life seem easier or more comfortable, but to encourage clients to recognize and deal with sources of their insecurity and anxiety. More self confidence leads to less anxiety. •Awareness of termination and Nonbeing †Death is not negatively, but hold awareness to death as a basic human condition which gives significance to living. Necessary to think of death when thinking significantly of life. Death should be a motivation to live fully. Awareness of death is a source for zest for life and creativity. People who fear death fear life. Realization of death makes us realize more clearly our actions count, we have choices, we must accept responsibility for how well we are living. Existential therapy considered an invitation to clients to recognize the ways in which they aren’t living a fully authentic life and to help them make choices that will lead to what they are capable of being. • attention clients moving toward authenticity and learning to recognize when they are deceiving themselves •No escape from freedom, we are always responsible •Helps clients face anxiety and engage in action that is based on the authentic purpose of creating a worthy existence •Teach clients to listen to what they know of themselves •Assist clients in recognizing they aren’t fully present in therapy and to show them how the pattern may limit them outside of therapy; support clients in confronting anxieties; help clients delimit themselves •Increased awareness is central goal •Therapist need to understand subjective world of client Clients are expected to go out into world and decide how they’ll live differently and must be active in therapy process, as they must decide what fears guilt and anxieties they will explore •Major themes of therapy sessions include anxiety, freedom, responsibility, search for identity, living authentically, isolation, alienation, death and its implications for living, continual search for meaning. Assist people in facing life with courage hope and a willingness to find meaning in life •Therapists strive to create compassionate and intimate relationships with clients, core of the relationship is resp ect. Display genuine concern and empathy. •Not technique oriented • precedence to understand the clients world. •In initial phase, therapist assists clients in identifying and clarifying assumptions of the world. •In middle phase, clients encouraged to fully examine source and authority of their present value system. Final phase focuses on helping people take what they are learning of themselves and put it into action •Appropriate for people with developmental crises, experiencing grief and loss, confronting death, facing a major life decision • close to appropriate for clients that are commited to dealing with their problems about living and for people who feel alienated from the current expectations of society or those searching for the meaning of their lives •Highly germane(predicate) in multicultural context, doesn’t have a particular way of viewing or relating to reality, bighearted perspective •Main limitation is the lev el of maturity, life experience, and intensive training that’s required of practitioners. Chapter 1, 2, 3 •Counselor must be authentic and shed stereotypes, otherwise client will keep themselves unfathomable •Therapists serve as models for clients, clients will take from us. efficacious therapists have: Identity, respect and appreciate themselves, open to change, make choices that are life oriented, authentic, sincere, honest, sense of humor, make mistakes and willing to admit them, live in present, appreciate influence of culture, have sincere interest in welfare of others, effective interpersonal skills, deeply involved in their work, are passionate, able to maintain healthy boundaries •Having been a patient first greatly contributes to being a counsellor •Counsellors role is to create a modality in which clients can express themselves and arrive at solutions that are surmount for them, and their values not your own. • mandate ethics †view of ethical practice that deals with the minimum level of professional practice •Aspirational ethics †high level of ethical practice that addresses doing what is in the best interest of clients •Positive ethics †do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to hindrance out of trouble •Difficult to strike a balance for informed consent •\r\n'